MilanBauer

Thanks for your reply.
You're right — the image I initially used came from the debmfc GitHub fork. I understand now that it's not officially supported by Armbian. I now tried the image from Armbian itself: Armbian 25.8.0-trunk.90 Bookworm Gnome
However, I wanted to follow up on the CPU identification part, as you mentioned uncertainty about the S905M.
I’ve opened up the stick and inspected the hardware. The SoC is clearly labeled as:
Amlogic S905M Quad-Core
Additionally:
RAM: 2x Samsung K4B4G1646B (total 8GB DDR3)
Storage: no internal NAND/eMMC, boots entirely from MicroSD
Original SD card runs EmuELEC out-of-the-box
I’ve attached pictures of the board below (top and bottom views), including close-ups of the SoC and RAM chips and screenshots of the partitions of the normal EMUELEC Emulator.
I also tested your suggestion about verifying the CPU. It is definitely not an S905L or S905X2. This unit appears to be an Amlogic S905M
I now tried the image from Armbian itself: Armbian 25.8.0-trunk.90 Bookworm Gnome and it still does not give any display output. I opened up the Game Stick and on the CPU iteself it says "@mlogic S905M