While searching the forum and the documentation, I found the list of mirrors. On some of them, it's possible to find an older version of Armbian (23.11.1).
I installed that version and it seems the drivers are working — I was able to use HDMI.
This is the mirror I used: https://armbian.atomonetworks.com/archive/cubieboard/archive/
I downloaded and wrote the image to the SD card. I can see the U-Boot messages at the very beginning, but after a few moments, nothing is displayed anymore.
I believe the OS is still booting because the activity LED on the board keeps blinking.
Any idea what might be happening ?
Thanks in advance for any help !