Allwinner sunxi

Hi guys, I use last armbian on banana pi m2 plus, how to set mac address randomly? In raspbian, it only remove /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules, and reboot, then the raspberry pi will get difference mac address. But in armbian, it seems not working. thanks for anyone help.

I've just installed the Armbian 5.20 in the Banana PI M2. No boot. The message "Waiting for PHY auto negotiation to complete .....Timeout! Could not initialize PHY ethernet@01c30000" shows up over and over again and the boot freezes in sequence. Somebody knows what is going on?

Hello, I have a cubieboard A10 connected to a SSD drive (transcend) trough the sata port. I use it as a headless server to run transmission, nfs and barracudadrive. The board runs from a sandisk 16gb µSD card, the data is on the SSD (with dynamic links). I use the standard legacy armbian image without DE. The SSD is powered by the board and the board is powered with a 2A 5V power supply, comming from a sony psp. If I measure the powerconsumption at the wallsocket, I measure 6W in idle and it goes up to 10W in use (so just enough for the power supply). Because there is a specialist here in powerconsumption (tkaiser), I wonder if it isn't possible to make …

Hey, I have one Cubietruck newly installed with Xenial some weeks ago and one Cubie that had Trusty installed. Both Armbian. So today I made the dist-upgrade from Trusty to Xenial. After doing everything and reactivating the sources.list entries for Armbian and NodeJS (shoud be added to the FAQ!) i compared the output of apt-get update and ther eis a difference: Originally installed with Xenial (also InfluxDB installed, so should be only difference): Hit:1 http://ports.ubuntu.comxenial InRelease Hit:2 http://ports.ubuntu.comxenial-security InRelease Hit:3 http://apt.armbian.comxenial InRelease Get:4 http://ports.ubuntu.comxenial-updates InRelease [95…

Hi guys, I installed last armbian on Banana Pi M2+, and execute nand-sata-install.sh to boot armbian from emmc, it works fine. I want system boot from emmc, and storage some data to sd card, so I prepare one sd card with ntfs partition, insert to Banana Pi M2+, and boot. It cannot boot, and message are: U-Boot SPL 2016.05-armbian (Jun 23 2016 - 09:59:04) DRAM: 1024 MiB Trying to boot from MMC1 U-Boot 2016.05-armbian (Jun 23 2016 - 09:59:04 +0200) Allwinner Technology CPU: Allwinner H3 (SUN8I 1680) Model: Xunlong Orange Pi PC DRAM: 1 GiB MMC: SUNXI SD/MMC: 0 (SD), SUNXI SD/MMC: 1 *** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment In: serial Out: serial…

First of all I've got an OPI PC and I'm newbie with armbian and Linux in general I've managed to read DS18B20 temperature sensor and now I want to read Temp and Humidity from a SHT75 sensor which has the same specifications as the SHT1X family of Sensirion sensors. I've installed WiringPi library and I've been searching on google how to make SHT75 work with little success Any documentation or examples to see?? Any help would be appreciated Thanks

I've upgraded to 5.20 from 5.17 and I've had to modify my /boot/bin/micro.bin to activate the VGA output. After Upgraded the board didn't reactivate the VGA, and I've to do it manually. Maybe some warning in the changelog will be an help to those have to do such modifications. The upgrade process copied the bin dir to bin.old. I have to apply "sudo apt-get upgrade" twice as the first run complain about come conflicting files and abort the upgrade, the second run did the job. I'm running legacy debian Jessie image and upgraded from 5.17 to 5.20. Now it seem to work well.

Hi, I just want to inform that probably there is a problem with correct detection of platform. Originally I had everything set for Orange Pi Plus 2E. However, after upgrade avery file is related to Orange Plus (2) - not 2E: Previously in any mentioned file there was orangepiplus2e identifier. Please see also dpkg.log: 2016-09-19 11:00:20 startup archives unpack 2016-09-19 11:00:21 upgrade linux-firmware-image-sun8i:armhf 5.16 5.20 2016-09-19 11:00:21 status half-configured linux-firmware-image-sun8i:armhf 5.16 2016-09-19 11:00:21 status unpacked linux-firmware-image-sun8i:armhf 5.16 2016-09-19 11:00:21 status half-installed linux-firmware-image-sun8i:armhf …

I disconnected the Beelink X2 and connected it again and now there is no picture on screen. I tried several HDMI cables and tvs. What can I do so the player will work and show the picture? I tried flash the x2 firmware the flash was successful but still there is no picture. edit: now the red light on the x2 that shows the x2 connected to the electricity turns off and doesnt stay on like before.

Finally Orange PI Family gets the 4.x kernel support.But there is no Vanilla Kernel on Orange PI PC.Please add the support on Orange PI PC.Thx!

First of all, thank you very much for the great work! On cubietruck after upgrade to 5.20, I have some trouble with network bonding. /etc/network/interfaces: auto eth0 iface eth0 inet manual bond-master bond0 bond-primary eth0 bond-mode active-backup auto wlan0 iface wlan0 inet manual wpa-ssid xxxx.xxx wpa-psk xxxxxxxxx bond-master bond0 bond-primary eth0 bond-mode active-backup # Define master auto bond0 iface bond0 inet static address xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx gateway xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx hwaddress ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx bond-slaves none bond-primary eth0 bond-mode active-backup bond-…

Hello, I have an Orange Pi+ 2 and Orange Pi+ 2e. I use Armbian, updated to 5.20 with these commands: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade so I rebooted and can't start. What can I do? Thanks

Hi everyone, I am having issues with video output on my A20-micro when using legacy kernel. I get the proper output from uboot, but when it starts to load the kernel, I get some garbage on the screen, then nothing. I had a look through the forums to no avail. My boot logs are uploaded to http://sprunge.us/dGhS From what I see, the default kernel command line seems to be correct for my purpose. The system is up and running as I can login through serial and SSH. I tried setting the resolution with a10disp but I got the following response: "Cannot change HDMI mode because HDMI is not enabled." Anyone has a clue on what I am missing ? Than…

Hi, I have recently called apt-get upgrade (with my regular installation and also with a fresh one) and after trying to extract armbian-firmware (I think it was that name but I'm not totally sure) dpkg returns an error. All other packages are installed without error. Unfortunately the OrangePiLite then hangs on next boot. I guess this package is broken in the repositories? Has anybody else encountered this issue?

When doing apt-upgrade to get the latest linux-jessie-root-cubieboard2, it fails with this error message: # apt-get upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded: linux-jessie-root-cubieboard2 1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 3 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 0 B/1.810 kB of archives. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 51863 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../linux-jessie-root-cubieboard2_5.00_…

Hi, I installed armbian onto eMMC. Frankly, I expected better results. Please anybody confirm what I understood. 1. The sequence reading speed is 70MBytes/s. 2. The sequence writing speed is 10MBytes/s. 3. eMMC is not optimized for random operations. 4. When writing operation is performed, the system gets VERY SLOW to respond. And the couple of questions. 1. What utility and where to get to benchmark disks well? 2. Will USB SSD perform with better performance than eMCC? Thanks a lot in advance and hope to see this in the FAQ. Dmitry

Hello. I am using baresip for SIP communication. I have faced a problems with audio USB adapter (http://www.hardkernel.com/main/products/prdt_info.php?g_code=G141629380416) with C-media chip. I have set it as default sound card. I make a call using baresip. Until I answer the call on another device it works, it rings. But when I answer, kernel errors occurs and Orange Pi hangs (cannot do anything): Message from syslogd@localhost at Sep 18 11:20:18 ... kernel:[ 226.378730] sunxi oops: enable sdcard JTAG interface Message from syslogd@localhost at Sep 18 11:20:18 ... kernel:[ 226.380906] sunxi oops: cpu frequency: 1008 MHz Message from syslogd@localhost at…

Hello, I want to have a image on boot and no text. (splashcreen) I see plymouth but I don't now if it done with it and when I can install in to my OrangePi Plus 2e Anybody can help me ? Thanks a lot.

Hi, I'm trying to install Armbian 5.20 vanilla kernel to eMMC on my Opi PC+. After nand-sata-install finishes I shutdown the Opi PC+ and power it back on. At least, I enable the power, I don't see anything happening in minicom on my pc. Only when powering it with a microsd in the slot (with armbian) will the uboot show in minicom on my pc. Doing a nand-sata-install with 5.14 legacy worked. What am I doing wrong (especially seeing nothing after a reboot with my ttl-to-usb connected is a bit strange for this noob)?

First of all ('Boring' alert!): outstanding job with the new updates. It must be lonely at the top. Kudos! Then (just curious!): is there any particular reason known that the amount of memory is an issue for GLshim? Then secondly: I do have an orange pi + (H3, 1 GB memory, Mali400)... according to the changelog GLShim is not in... For me it does not make sense... Regards, Makama80

Hello, I'm trying to get a opi+2e to output something on my HDMI TV without success. The TV is a 10yo Thomson intuiva 27LB130S5 (1280x720, should be capable of 720p / 1080i) I tried android on eMMC, worked OK. Installed Armbian_5.14_Orangepiplus2e_Debian_jessie_3.4.112_desktop on a microsd. During install there was some console output to the display (a bit mangled), and after the reboot, nothing. I got SSH over eth access. I disabled nodm service, rebooted to have FB console only (easier to debug, or so I thought) Still nothing. Tried h3disp on a few resolutions (-m 6, 5, 4, 2) with a reboot between each one. None gave me anything …

Hi, my configuration is: Asus 5V 2A power adapter with usb to 1,7mm cable, Kingston microsd 16GB class 10 with Jessie desktop I can SSH the OPi so I can use H3disp output to HDMI (TV) works fine output to HDMI -> DVI to PC monitor works fine is it possible to use HDMI adapter to DVI, DVI to VGA and get the image to a PC monitor via VGA? i tried it using -d switch but nothing shown on monitor, do I need any special command? or this is not possible at all? please advice, Thanks

Orange Pi One is not booting with Debian Jessie Server image http://www.armbian.com/orange-pi-one/ http://mirror.igorpecovnik.com/Armbian_5.14_Orangepione_Debian_jessie_3.4.112.7z But there is no problem booting with the Debian Jessie image made by Boris Lovosevic https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1hyW7T0dqn6c3BNOWRwRnZZUTQ One month ago I got to boot another Orange Pi One with the image available at armbian.com/orange-pi-one/ but not any more This is the way I dd to SD card sudo dd if=Armbian_5.14_Orangepione_Debian_jessie_3.4.112.raw of=/dev/rdisk2 bs=1m I would really appreciate your help I am the maker of this demo and Instructable Swift …

Hi guys, i've the following problem in my attempt to customize/study armbian: - succesfully compiled Armbian_5.17_Bananapim2_Debian_jessie_4.8.0 on Ubuntu 16.04 with default config; - burned image on SD card, (on the same card burned with Armbian_5.14_Bananapim2_Debian_jessie_4.6.2_desktop and the system boot is ok) - the board enter in this reset loop: U-Boot 2016.07-armbian (Sep 11 2016 - 10:06:05 +0200) Allwinner Technology CPU: Allwinner A31s (SUN6I) Model: Sinovoip BPI-M2 DRAM: 1 GiB MMC: SUNXI SD/MMC: 0 *** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment HDMI connected: Setting up a 1680x1050 dvi console (overscan 0x0) In: serial Out: vga Err: vga…

Hi there, I installed the Desktop version of Jessie, it was working good, but after I wanted to check the Server version too "Armbian_5.14_Orangepione_Debian_jessie_3.4.112.7z", but it just wont boot up, no Led's glows up on the board. Tried more times to install on different MicroSD cards, but I got the same non boot results. Just to mention that the Desktop version is working on all MicroSD cards I tried! Thank you for your answer! Kind regard

Hi, I received a Banana Pi M2+ board on which I installed ARMBian. Their is only one problem for sound. Audio out is only available on HDMI. As I will use this board with no display, keyboard and mouse connection how may I get this board playing sound ? Two ways but I do not know which one is possible : 1) does it exist an HDMI to sound 3.5mm jack adapter ? 2) which USB bluetooth dungle works perfectly on ARMBian I may use to pair this board to a portable bluetooth speaker ? Sincerely thanks. Have a nice day. Miguipda ;-)

Hi, I yesterday built a new image for my A20-OLinuXino-MICRO board (Armbian 5.17 Jessie with kernel 4.7.3) At first boot, everything worked fine. I could manage to connect through SSH and changed root password and add new user. However, avec adding a Hard Disk (on the SATA connector) and reboot, I could not manage to connect via SSH So I tried the serial (UART) connector. After some tries and a non responding console (I could see no kernel messages at boot to I had to change the verbosity), I finally succeeded in booting with a console prompt on serial connector. But... The keyboard is not responding on that serial connector. After a few tries,…

Hi Everyone. I have been looking for a way to connect this keypad directly to my Orange Pi PC+ directly through gpio without resistors. https://www.adafruit.com/product/1332 I also need software (hopefully either bash or python) to read a key press and then either run a script or perform a command. If anyone here done this or even connected 1 switch to gpio (without resistors), could you please post the solution or a link to follow. Thanks. V

Hi all I need a bit of assistance in installing OpenMediaVault on the Cubietruck. I'll admit I tried this a while back, so I'm coming back to this to try and use my Cubietruck as a mini NAS. Tried to install using the instructions over at the debian site, but after the install, the web interface showed lots of errors and it wouldn't work. Done lots of googling to try and find further information but I'll admit I'm a bit vexed. Does anyone have some idiot-proof instructions or a prebuilt image they could provide to a bit of a linux newby? thanks in advance -matt

I have an external HDD connected to my OPi One and this are the temperatures in armbian monitor.

Orange Pi Lite - Armbian 5.14 The desktop shutdown (or shutdown -h now) shuts down the desktop, the system starts shutting down, then the desktop starts again, then disappears and the system shuts down. Its not a disastrous problem, but just annoying. I've traced it to the fact that 'nodm' is seeing the desktop stop, and then restarting it. Apparently either 'nodm' isn't getting the shutdown signal, or ignoring it, or getting it too late. Any guidance on what 'nodm' config, or some other config might help me to fix this? /K

Hi I have problem with Cubieboard2 powering off during Legacy Armbian_5.14_Cubieboard2_Debian_jessie_3.4.112 boot. It had been explained a little bit here: http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1178-cubieboard-1-legacy-boot-failure/ So maybe I need uBoot upgrade. I had written SD card with command: dd if=Armbian_5.14_Cubieboard2_Debian_jessie_3.4.112.raw of=/dev/sdd bs=1M and upgraded uboot from here: http://phelum.net/temp/CB2/u-boot-sunxi-with-spl.bin with command: dd if=u-boot-sunxi-with-spl.bin of=/dev/sdd bs=1k seek=8 full boot output here: U-Boot SPL 2016.05-12902-g0e6e34a-dirty (Jun 19 2016 - 21:55:16) DRAM: 1024 MiB CPU: 912000000Hz, AXI/…

I'm sorry if I come across as incompetent but I have limited skills in linux and I really dont know where else to turn to. I recently bought a DVB-S reciever to plug into my SBC (banana Pi M1) to use with tvheadend, as opposed to getting a dedicated chinese box. I just cant seem to get it to work! This is the Tuner I bought: https://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/Geniatech_HD_Star_DVB-S2_USB2.0 Apparently I have revision 3 of the board: http://imgur.com/3IhpuGG This is the comparison between the lsusb in the wiki, and my board: http://imgur.com/iHN3R5R This is the output of dmesg: [ 7.847279] sun4i-ss 1c15000.crypto-engine: Die ID 0 [ 7.911683] dw2102…

Hello, I leave in a place where we occasionally get really heavy storms or the power gets cut for some reason. This most often does not happen more than five minutes, but there has been longer cases. Now, this poses an obvious problem with my headless server (Orange Pi PC btw). I went on a week trip last month, to discover the development board I needed was completely down. I called a friend and the power had indeed been cut off in my neighbourhood, but my server would no longer respond over SSH. I hard reset the server by power cable and tried restarting sshd (after getting home a week later), just to get warning that the action of the service was queued and afterwards w…

Hello, I attached Micron M500 SSD with gpt table, also Seagate 3GB hard disk with gpt to sata data connection and powered disks with external power adapter(it supplies 5V and 12V and comes with usb-sata adapter). U-Boot shows message: SCSI: AHCI PHY power up failed. dmesg: SATA AHCI Phy Power Failed! SATA AHCI Phy Calibration Failed! sw_ahci sw_ahci.0: controller can't to PMP, turning off CAP_PMP sw_ahci sw_ahci.0: forcing PORTS_IMPL to 0x1 sw_ahci sw_ahci.0: AHCI 0001.0100 32 slots 1 ports 3 Gbps 0x1 impl platform mode sw_ahci sw_ahci.0: flags: ncq sntf pm led clo only pio slum part ccc scsi0 : sw_ahci_platform ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 mmio [mem 0x01c18000-0…

Hi, as the title says while building this image i had this console reported error: E: Unable to locate package mali-sunxi-utils Also i would like to ask if there is hw acceleration(gpu) on xenial desktop images Thanks

Hi guys, I'm a bit lost with this one. I want to setup a way of basically reinstalling a NanoPi Neo over the network. My thought process is: 1. Boot from NFS. 2. In the boot process have a script that runs the nand-sata-install.sh (or modified version of). 3. Reboot with new OS from USB. Now, I'm sure I can get this working, the bit that I am having trouble working out is how the bootloader will know if we should be loading from NFS or USB. Can UBoot grab this from the network? Ideally this will also be done without SSH access. I know this is a complicated problem but any guidance in the right direction will be really appreciated. Thanks!

Just wanted to save some time of a person who will think of trying to do this. It crashes all the time with acceptable settings. With a tiny world and minimal server settings(and disabled watchdog), it works but it's unplayable. Server can't keep up even with a free falling player. I have heatsinks and fan on the pi so I don't think it's about throttling. I think this CPU is insufficient for this task.

Hello, I'm running Armbian wiith Kernel 3.4.112-sun8i on an Orange PI PC. In addition I compiled WiringOP patched for Orange PI to check GPIO. I have connected a transmitter which communicates using SPI and an additional GPIO PIN to send interrupts. The device is not working yet and I try to find out the problem. It works fine with an Rasp. For example, I'm a little bit confused about the following: /sys/class/gpio/gpio5/direction shows me "in" "gpio readall" shows me: | 18 | 1 | OUT | GPIO.5 | 5 | 24 | Of course, I could change the mode using the gpio command, but I would expect, that both values match? Could it be too, that the inter…

Hi, I'm getting going with a pile of Nanopi Neo's and am using the jessie server image with the legacy kernel I'm having trouble with the repositories - I see this error when using apt-get ... W: Failed to fetch http://apt.armbian.com/dists/jessie/InRelease Unable to find expected entry 'jessie-utils/binary-armhf/Packages' in Release file (Wrong sources.list entry or malformed file) I saw the discussion in http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1834-repository-management/which says the problem has been fixed ... but, er, it does not seem to be. Any ideas welcome on how to sort this out. Thanks Jason

Has anyone seen these? Awesome! Sure it's missing a few of the basic I/O ports such as monitor and KB...but with a Ubuntu headless setup...who needs keyboards/mice/monitors I have an old Raspberry Pi B [the 512mb and single core CPU) for $35 at my house running some VPN software, a TOR relay, and mumble VOIP server, this thing costs $7.99 and has a quad core! http://www.friendlyarm.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=132 In fact check out all their really small boards...heck the NanoPC-T3 is insane!!! Just a FYI if you haven't seen them yet

Hi whoever can help. Just bought the Topic device. Very disappointed because of very poor docs and support. I cannot boot Armbian. There are must be something undocumented. I just burnt image desktop Armbian with dd if=image of=/dev/sdc to SD but it is ext4 on /dev/sdc1 and fsck reports good. Well I made it is bootable by setting boot flag in partition but the device is not going to boot. None of leds is lighting. The device is booting well without any SD from it's internal flash into Android. (How to put there Armbian by the way?) It is also booting into Android from SD which I burnt under Windows(!!!!) with a "special" buggy tool Phoenix (Crazy!!!) …

Hi all, some days ago I successfully built the image mentioned above (Build environment is Ubuntu 14.04/64 bit). The only remarkable issue was the ever-repeating "firstrun" script, which was easily solved with the method mentioned here: http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1100-post-install-scripts-on-every-reboot/#entry8509 (may be ALL of the scripts should be changed this way?) But today, after checking out the actual "master", I see a lot of failed copy and sed commands until the debootstrap-ng script finally fails at Mali-libdri2. The 1st occurrence of an error was during installation of "ramlog". I've inserted a breakpoint and looked into the imag…

Hey everyone, First off, I don't use Linux often so please bear with me if I miss out on obvious things. I have a few Orange Pi Lite boards, and after booting up Armbian 5.14 I was excited to give the Wifi a try after only having ethernet on my Orange Pi One boards. My OPi Lite sees my network just fine, but when I put in my credentials and go to connect to it, it fails returning "Bad Password". For what it's worth, I've checked the password probably 25+ times, I promise it's right. The wifi WILL connect to open networks, however. Is there some obvious solution that I'm missing here? Any help or direction would be appreciated. Thanks!

Hello, Armbian shows me very low wifi coverage and fail to connect, with other distros the signal is good, any solution? I use Jessie Desktop 3.4.112 Sorry for my bad english Thnks

Hi Harness the Board Orange Pi + 2. I propose to add the configuration for it. sasha@ubuntu:~/orange/sdk/lib$ git diff master..add-orangepiplus2 diff --git a/config/boards/orangepiplus2.conf b/config/boards/orangepiplus2.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d37e8c --- /dev/null +++ b/config/boards/orangepiplus2.conf @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# H3 quad core 2GB RAM WiFi eMMC +BOARD_NAME="Orange Pi+ 2" +LINUXFAMILY=sun8i +BOOTCONFIG=orangepi_plus_defconfig +MODULES="8189es #gpio_sunxi #w1-sunxi #w1-gpio #w1-therm #gc2035 #vfe_v4l2 #sunxi-cir" +MODULES_NEXT="8189es" +CPUMIN=480000 +CPUMAX=1296000 +CLI_TARGET="jessie:default" +DESKTOP_TARGET="jessie:default" +KERNEL_TARGE…

the entry in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/cpuinfo_cur_freq (maybe the path is wrong, I haven't the machine and I'm going by memory) is readable only by root so it is not usable to a normal user to display the current frequency of the processor, There is a way to change this behaviour? My distribution is for Olimex-A20-Micro with legacy kernel 5.14 if i don't go wrong. TIA and regards

Hi: Trusty ubuntu is workig great on my CT. It boots into /root and uses this as Home. I set up a new user in /home/armbian and now I would like to boot into this user. I installed lightdm but the system still boots into /root and does not show a log in screen after boot. How can I fix that? Thanx in advance BTW: $ aplay speker-test works after boot. When I run youtube in root video is working fine. Sound comes up only for a fraction of a second and then mutes. After that aplay is also not working any more. Any clou?

Hello, is the last BPi Vanilla wheezy image somewhere still available for download? I want to run it with Open Media Vault, which still needs wheezy. Thanks a lot. Michael

Hi, I tried the instruction provided on topic http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1526-armbian-in-read-only-mode/?hl=overlayfs#entry11877 but I received kernel panic and the system doesn't boot any more. I mount the SD card on my laptop, I comment the line overlayroot="tmpfs" in /etc/overlayroot.conf and the system boot again. The package apt-get install overlayroot is not available. In installed it manualy from http://packages.ubuntu.com/en/xenial/overlayroot When I installed the package cryptsetup it return un error that cannot determine the root partition from /etc/fstab Please be so kind and write step by step instructions howto make the root file s…

Hello Everybody I'm using olimex olinuxino lime2. I'm to expiriment on real time linux. I could build the kernel with the real time patch by disabling newer kernel patches, .108 and on, but I would really like to have a ticking system. There are not options for this in the kernel menu configuration. Just tickless system. That may cause some extra delays on realtime processes. Is there a way to configure tick frequency at 1khz? Thank you for your time

have there been more changes for Desktop recently except the repos? Yesterday I have updated and tried to compile, noticed that the function "fetch_from_github" was gone (replaced by "fetch_from_repo"?). After I changed my script accordingly I was able to compile, but the desktop doesn't come up any more. It looks like "fbturbo" module is completely missing? I don't see any reference to this in the logs; where should it be so I can try to debug?

For a lark I wanted to see if a BPi would do as a softsynth. I started with the very nice 2.9 Jessie image* and 4.x kernel, but noticed only then that there's no sound, so I installed the 3.4 packages. After booting, ALSA seems to be working fine wrt line sound output and mixer. I could also play MIDI files with fluidsynth fine and hear clear audio on headphones. Connecting a USB MIDI keyboard also gets detected and its ports show up. Now, fluidsynth as a server won't start and neither does jackd. Both seem to complain about missing /dev/snd/seq. So I'm wondering if there's a kernel module or option missing or if it's an artifact of there being no actual MIDI synt…

Hi everybody, I have an OPI+ and gc2035 camera module, i try camera with "motion" according to this tutorial and getting one picture on localhost:8081, after this page display "problem loading page". however, This is not the main issue. i try to get picture with gstreamer and i see following errors: libv4l2: error setting pixformat: operation not permitted ERROR: from element /GstPipeline:pipeline0/GstV4l2Src:v4l2src: Device '/dev/video0' cannot capture at 1600x1200 Call to S_FMT failed for YU12 @ 1600x1200: Operation not permitted. My gstreamer pipeline is: gst-launch v4l2src always-copy=false ! 'video/x-raw-yuv, format=(fourcc)I4…

So iwe been trying to solve this issue by experimenting and iwe hit a wall where i do not know what to do so i guess i'm just hoping someone would spot what i'm doing wrong. So i bought an "Orange Pi PC" from ebay and i'm trying to set it up without much sucess. I downloaded the "Armbian_5.14_Orangepi2_Ubuntu_xenial_3.4.112.raw" image from the armbian webpage. ( I also did my Cubieboard wich worked fine with the same steps. ) The commandline i used to write the image to an sdcard is this: sudo dd if=./Armbian_5.14_Orangepi2_Ubuntu_xenial_3.4.112.raw of=/dev/sdc bs=1M oflag=direct sudo sync And then i unplug the sd card and put it into my OrangePi and when it boots the g…

Hi, I'm watching a problem during boot of my A20-OLinuXino-MICRO-4GB, running 4.6.3-sunxi #7 SMP Tue Jul 5 16:23:41 CEST 2016 armv7l GNU/Linux It seems to hang an multiple points and needs 417 seconds at all. It looks like a problem with initializing /dev/random and network configuration Here the entire log: Aug 30 00:23:49 autokino kernel: [ 7.624658] rt2800usb 1-1:1.0 wlan0: renamed from rename4 Aug 30 00:23:49 autokino kernel: [ 8.917512] random: mktemp urandom read with 96 bits of entropy available Aug 30 00:23:49 autokino kernel: [ 9.142494] EXT4-fs (mmcblk0p1): re-mounted. Opts: data=writeback,commit=600,errors=remount-ro Aug 30 00:23:49 autokino ker…

Hi guys. I am testing a NanoPi Neo for an IoT project. I ordered one with unsoldered ethernet and USB ports. I am trying to use a miniature WiFi adapter plugged in the OTG port while powering the board from either the debug +/- pins, or from the 5V bus on the GPIO. The problem is that no mater what option I choose, the board powers up just fine, I can login using the debug port serial-over-consolem however the WiFi adapter doesn't pop up in the lsusb list. Using an OTG USB hub with external power, fires up the WiFi, however this is the only working way and my project has to have minimum cable clutter. I need to be able to plug in the NanoPi Neo on a PCB using its GPIO …

hello, I am running Armbian 5.17 on nanopi neo(linux kernel 3.4.112).Today I built Debian jessie 8 image using the armbian build tool. Now I am using D-link DWA123 dongle for wifi(rev d1,rtl8188eu chip).Now it didnt work out of the box(used wicd-curses for wifi setup,nothing shows up).So I decided to build the driver. I pulled the source from https://github.com/lwfinger/rtl8188eu and then I went to src directory /usr/src/linux...and ran make scripts which didnt return any error. after that I went inot rtl8188eu directory and ran make ARCH=arm and this is the reply I got, make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/3.4.112-sun8i/build M=/home/npi/rtl8188eu mod…

I was able to write to a Samsung sd card the image for my orange Pi lite. The overscan is bad on my TV but I got past initial setup. Once it boots to the desktop there is no response from the mouse and I thought the keyboard. No keyboard shortcuts work. But I was able to drop to terminal and type. What could be going on? I've tried different cards, keyboards, and mice. Edit: I've tried different power supplies too!

I've installed Armbian_5.14_Orangepiplus_Debian_jessie_3.4.112_desktop on a ORANGE PI PLUS 2 H3 QUAD CORE 1,6Gz / _ \ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ | _ \(_) _ | | | | '__/ _` | '_ \ / _` |/ _ \ | |_) | |_| |_ | |_| | | | (_| | | | | (_| | __/ | __/| |_ _| \___/|_| \__,_|_| |_|\__, |\___| |_| |_| |_| |___/ Welcome to ARMBIAN Debian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie) 3.4.112-sun8i System load: 0.52 Up time: 1 min Memory usage: 14 % of 2013Mb CPU temp: 59°C Usage of /: 19% of 15G then installed lightdm and running the xfce4 desktop with HDMI monitor of 1920x1080 I can't…

Hi All, I'm new here, well been lurking a while reading heaps, just not posting before now. My Orange Pi's arrived a few days ago so I have been playing, I have Ubuntu_xenial_3.4.112 image on both types and am able to connect to home wifi and do apt-get update/upgrade so all good here. One thing I wanted to do is use batman-adv, but the kernel module seems to have been disabled on the armbian images: @orangepipcplus:~# cat /boot/config-3.4.112-sun8i |grep BATMAN # CONFIG_BATMAN_ADV is not set It took me a while to figure out how to confirm this was the case but another post pointed me to the /boot/config-3.4.112-sun8i file. So this is where I need so…

Hi folks! I'm a proud owner of 120 Orange Pis. Now I want to do git deployment and reboot the device. I've enabled the ttyS3 for serial connection. Now I want to reboot the device. Sadly enough the device shuts down when executing a reboot or "sudo init 6"command. And when I type shutdown, the device is still on. I've search all kinds of forums, but I cannot find a suitable fix for this. Thanks in advance!

I have tested with two SDs - the same result. But vanilla works perfect! Strange is that after dd command I can't mount SDs with legacy, but vanilla I can. I've downloaded legacy twice.

Hello Armbian users ! I use "ARMBIAN Debian GNU/Linux 8 (jessie) 3.4.112-sun8i" installed on EMMC and Orange Pi Plus 2e . Can you explain two things about Armbian ? My image is: Armbian_5.14_Orangepiplus2e_Debian_jessie_3.4.112 1. Why do I have max CPU clocked at 1296.0000 Mhz ? I read the Orange Pi Plus 2e have Quad Core 1,6 Ghz, right ? shell> /usr/bin/cpufreq-set -d 912MHz -u 1600MHz -g on demand # does not work . 2. My Armbian is installed on eMMC 16gb, I use very good script writer by Igor Pecovnik . How can I boot orangepi with on eMMC and with a second SD card ( for samba ) ? Partition: 1. /dev/mmcblk0p1 - boot - Armbian on eM…

I am trying to connect a SNBC receipt printer to my Banana Pi - model number: BTP-r580(II) However, dmesg shows that whilst it is identified as a USB device, it is not identified as a printer (probably not helped by the fact that all of their receipt printers appear to have idVendor = 0x154f and idProduct = 0x154f Whilst their website (http://www.newbeiyang.com) has downloads for linux drivers, once connected there is no /dev/usb nor a dev/ttyUSB0 directory (in case it is recognised as a serial device). The linux drivers appear to be used for CUPs which is not installed, so I have not downloaded them. Someone else has the same problem on the Raspberry Pi wi…

The program nand-sata-installer doesn't work to put the image on the onboard storage with all 4.X kernels (orange pi plus wifi/nand). When i use the older kernel it works fine without any issue. Also when i compile this image by myself it doesn't work either Is there a way to put the SD image to the local storage and how can i do this with this 4.x kernel?

Hi all. I recently bought an Orange Pi Lite. After trying to get the power switch to work as a power switch (by this I mean booting the board when it was previously shutdown), and after searching for a while, it seems that the power switch in the Orange Pi Lite is not a real one, but it's instead connected to a GPIO. Do you guys know of any Orange Pi board that implements a proper power switch? Thanks.

Hello, I am trying to staert the card with empty micro sdcard. The system is into eMMc. But when the micro sd card is in the Orange Pi and branch it it not start it failed with message error no system. Why ? I can't start the Orange Pi with a blank sdcard ? Thanks

According to this post in broken english by famous user @sinovoip Banana Pi M2+ chose a partially incompatible pin mapping for the 40 pin GPIO header. They seem to use Pin# | GPIO | Function | Pin# | GPIO | Function --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- 01 | --- | SYS_3.3V | 02 | --- | VCC_5V 03 | A-12 | TWI0_SDA | 04 | --- | VCC_5V 05 | A-11 | TWI0_SCK | 06 | --- | GND 07 | A-06 | PWM1 | 08 | A-13 | UART3_TX/SPI1_CS 09 | --- | GND | 10 | A-14 | UART3_RX/SPI1_CLK 11 | A-01 | UART2_RX | 12 | A-16 | UART3_CTS/SPI1_MISO 13 | A-00 | UART2_TX | 14 | ---- | GND 15 | A-03 | UART2_CT…

I have a fresh install of Armbian 5.14 on a orange pi one. I i have updated and upgraded it. I have only installed synaptic and nautilus. I then followed the instruction to install the micro home server and I commenced to install the Samba option. It ran and then once it had finished said something like samba not running or samba not configured. I tried to browse the network and look for my Tplink NAS router and it says "this location could not be displayed." I would appreciate any ideas to get samba running.

It has debian 8(jessie) server version 3.4.112-sun8i on it. It is updated to the latest version(apt-get update, upgrade). Caps Lock functionality works, but the light on the keyboard does not light up. I tried the keyboard on another computer, tried different keyboards. I am using this to get back the cursor. I found it here: http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1246-terminal-console-cursor-disappeared-after-apt-upgrade/ Could it have caused it? Anyone having the same issue?

device: orange pi pc soft: Armbian_5.14_Orangepipc_Debian_jessie_3.4.112.7z my log via serial: U-Boot SPL 2016.05-armbian (Jun 05 2016 - 09:45:23) DRAM: 1024 MiB Trying to boot from MMC1 U-Boot 2016.05-armbian (Jun 05 2016 - 09:45:23 +0200) Allwinner Technology CPU: Allwinner H3 (SUN8I 1680) Model: Xunlong Orange Pi PC I2C: ready DRAM: 1 GiB MMC: SUNXI SD/MMC: 0 (SD), SUNXI SD/MMC: 1 *** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment In: serial Out: serial Err: serial Net: No ethernet found. starting USB... USB0: USB EHCI 1.00 USB1: USB OHCI 1.0 USB2: USB EHCI 1.00 USB3: USB OHCI 1.0 USB4: USB EHCI 1.00 USB5: USB OHCI 1.0 scanning bus 0 fo…

Hi. I have orange pi pc with armbian installed. I'm powering opi pc with battery, I would like to make something like ups. Some time ago I found solution to monitor battery voltage for raspberry pi wit ADC, exactly mcp3002. It uses script in python. Here is link for this solution: http://raspi.tv/2013/controlled-shutdown-duration-test-of-pi-model-a-with-2-cell-lipo I made prepared everything like is shown on diagram, I'm using breadboard and also mcp3002. With raspberry pi it works with python script from: http://raspi.tv/download/batt_test_raspi.tv.py.gzbut I have a problem with adapt this script with OPi PC. I think, that here is a problem with some libraries, s…

Hi All, @tkaiser mentions in this thread http://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/1193-orange-pi-plus-2e-now-available/ the lima-memtester utility, requesting tests for the Orange Pi Plus 2E. Unfortunately I do not have a Orange Pi Plus 2E, I have however just received 10x Orange Pi Lite's and 2x Orange Pi PC+'s. Would it be useful to the project if I run this utility on all / some of my devices? Assuming yes and noting the comment: Do I need to run a desktop image with the HDMI plugged into a monitor? Also do I need provide some extra information to uniquely identify each board or will this happen automatically? Dave.

Update: BPi M2+ is done but further results would still be interesting. Now we need results for NanoPi M1. The most simple way is using the Armbian image as outlined in post #4 below. The only thing you would've to change is the following and can then run the lima-memtester binary as outlined below: ln -sf /boot/bin/nanopim1.bin /boot/script.bin echo nanopim1 > /etc/hostname reboot Dear BPi M2+ users. I just tested DRAM reliability with my BPi M2+ just to realize that this board doesn't run stable even with just 624 MHz clockspeed (currently testing 600 MHz for an additional hour or so). In case you have a BPi M2+ it would really help if you could do the sam…

Hi there, while trying to solve the issue with OPi PC and rtl8188 (thread link) I managed to get console on the UART interface, nice feature considering my networking issues, btw is there a way to output the kernel messages (dmesg like) to the UART console in real time? I'm asking cos the issue that I'm trying to fix involves system freeze + automatic reboot and I would like to see the logs during the event. I already tried to mess with printk, but it's very likely I've done something wrong.

Will cryptsetup (missing crypto modules), and USB audio (or the onboard analog audio) work on vanilla kernel?

Hi Folks, I installed armbian Jessie with Desktop and Kernel 4.6.3 on my Banana Pi. I'm glad to see, that most of modules I need are installed and working properly. Good job, thanks! But there is one little problem I've got with the kernel. I need pwm (Pin PB2) to control the backlight of my LCD. With Bananian I used sunxi-pwm modul. Worked fine, but isn't installed in the kernel 4.6.3. I know there are ways to build it into the kernel. But befor I'll build an own kernel, I'm hoping of an other way to make pwm for backlight working again. I saw an pwm folder at /sys/class/pwm and also pwm-sun4i modul can be loaded. Unfortunately /sys/class/pwm is empty and stays empt…

Hi, I am building small file server. Is it possible to boot from mmc AND have data on sd card without the need of removing sd card on every reboot? I've installed armbian on smaller sd card, used nand-mmc-* script to write armbian onto mmc. Now, everytime I reboot I need to remove sd card, wait for system to load and put sd card back. I edited .fex file, setting sd card mode to 1, but it didn't helped. Any ideas/manuals on that? Thank you in advance.

Hello! I am working on a project that requires coss platform development. Optimally I wish to connect the B-Pro directly to my computer in order to access it from there. Is there any work on this available? I know the BeagleBone can do it for example, bt haven't found anything related to the Pro. Any Information would be inmensely useful and appreciated. Added to this, I want to know if any of you have had any experience with QT for the BPro as well. Thank you!

Hi everybody. I'm stuck on working touchscreen with banana pro running vanilla jessie desktop. My touchscreen has goodix controller that supported mainline kernel. But when i install goodix driver module, an error that saying "request IRQ failed" show up in dmesg. I think i need to inform module for right interrup and reset pins connected board, but how? i'm connected int pin of touchscreen panel to pin7 that labeled "io1" on board. Please help me. links: goodix driver source, banana pro pin definition schema

First off, I'd like to thank the maintainers for all the work you've put into Armbian. It's really been a pleasure to use. I'm currently using an OrangePI 2+as a kiosk computer, and I'm wondering if there might be some other way to wake it from sleep other than pressing the power button. Would it be possible for it to wake from sleep if one of the GPIO pins were pulled high, for instance? TIA, -Jim

Hi, is my Cubieboard is damaged? Couple days ago my server was suddenly turned off. When I checked, it turned out, that the Allwinner is very hot. So I added a radiator and run the Cubie with serial console. Seems like everything is ok, but temperature... almost 50*C. log_15082016_2.txt

So... second sack at the sav here. Last time i wrote i had a kingson sd card ( a low one ) but it was recomended to buy a Samsung Evo sd card instead. So after i confirmed one of the kingston sd cards was bad i more or less whent thru the warranty getting a refund for that one ( not sure why i botherd since it was so cheap ). Anyhow. Got my Samsung EVO card and tryed with DD in linux and rufus wich you guys recomend for windows and still same issue with Armbian. It boots the other distros like Debian and Ubuntu from the orange pi's webpage but no ethernet. And when i try armbian i get the uboot text thru the ftdi but it does not find any boot device. U-Boot SPL 2016.…

Greetings, Firstly I would like to say that I really appreciate the work that has been done by this wonderful community of developers and users of Armbian. Secondly I am sorry if the problems that I describe here have been already discussed. I have not found anything alike. So I am a proud owner of the OPi PC board. Everything seems to be OK, except some fan issues. What have I done until now: 1. Installed Armbian Jessie Server with RPi Monitor 2. Added a. heatsink on the SoC and RAM chips b. Pi Fan with the case The problems: 1. The fan does not work if connected to the second and fourth pins BUT it works using pins 4 and 6. a. It is extrem…

I've been using pyA20 as H3 gpio library in Orangepi. Recently we've moved to nanoPi M1 . But the problem is H3 on nanoPi has more gpio pins than orangePi and A20 gpio library does not recognize these pins. Is there any H3 gpio library like pyA20 available ? (Please note WiringOPI is for C not python) Thanks.

hello please help to install and configure wifi usb edup ep n8553 on OPI pc dongle unrecognised and no working drivers. riz

Please give me your recommendation for my OPiPC+ to use Armbian and Asterisk I see there are 3 options for Armbian for my model. I am not good with linux and would prefer a GUI for both Armbian and Asterisk. Also I am wanting as "Lightweight" as possible. I will not be using the OPi for anything else but a phone system. Also could you give me steps to take to add Asterisk to Armbian. Thanks

Hi, I am running headless mainline jessie image on my cubietruck smoothly for some months now. The only drawback is that i need from time to time to play some videos on the tv. I have been waiting for hardware video acceleration in order to install mpv and play videos without GUI. I have been looking at the sunxi mainline effort and I see that for kernel 4.8 they plan the display engine clocks (TCON, FE, DE). As I am not a developer, it is not obvious to me (I have already googled it but no luck) if the display engine clocks are what we are waiting for hardware video acceleration on the mainline kernel. Can someone please explain (this noob question) what are displa…

Hi, I'm new user. I want to install owncloud in my orange pi+2. Someone can help?

Hi guys, I'm getting this error while trying to boot my Banana Pi with an SD card. Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0 switch to partitions #0, OK mmc0 is current device Scanning mmc 0:1... Found U-Boot script /boot/boot.scr 2447 bytes read in 211 ms (10.7KiB/s) ##Executing script at 43100000 Wrong image format for "source" command SCRIPT FAILED: Continuing... scanning bus for devices... Found 0 device(s). SCSI device 0: Device 0: not available [...] I'm coming from using Lubuntu with no problems for nearly a year. The SD card works no problem (or at least it worked perfectly fine with Lubuntu). I also tested with a way faster microSD 64GB I usually hav…

Hello everybody, I have recently bought an Orange Pi Lite. First, I have downloaded an image with Ubuntu Mate, but it finally decided to take the Armbian one which seems more precise and well prepared. First of all, great thanks for the work already done. I have encountered 2 problems during my installation: Everything was preestablished for US, and it is sometimes boring or difficult to use it. I have some problems with the display. Note that I have taken the Xenial image, and I expect it is the Linux 4 version on which we cannot run Xorg. I start with the easier one: Internationalisation (and I have not written internationalization to remind US peop…

PC+ arrived today. Formated 8 GB SD card with FAT32, copied Armbian_5.14_Orangepipcplus_Debian_jessie_3.4.112_desktop.raw onto it. Green LED turns on after power applied to the board, but within seconds the red LED turns on. No output at all on HDMI. I had previously gotten a OPi PC (not plus) to work and was using it for a month so I am surprised that the PC+ is having these problems. Any suggestions? Different Linux distro? In desperation, I plugged the SD card used for the OPi PC (not plus) and it boots for several seconds, with HDMI printout stopping at "Starting LSB: tune IDE hard disks" with the red and green LEDs on. Thanks in advance....

Hi all! My system: Linux cubietruck 3.4.112-sun7i #18 SMP PREEMPT Tue Jul 5 16:21:22 CEST 2016 armv7l GNU/Linux # cat /proc/asound/cards 0 [sunxicodec ]: sunxi-CODEC - sunxi-CODEC sunxi-CODEC Audio Codec 1 [sunxisndspdif ]: sunxi-sndspdif - sunxi-sndspdif sunxi-sndspdif 2 [sunxisndi2s ]: sunxi-sndi2s - sunxi-sndi2s sunxi-sndi2s # nano /etc/asound.conf pcm.!default { type hw card sunxisndspdif } ctl.!default { type hw card sunxisndspdif } # /etc/init.d/alsa-utils resetAfter that sndspdif becomes the first sound device.mpd plays well but no sound. # cat /proc/asound/card1/pcm0…

Hi all, traditionally I have used Bananian on the Bannan Pi M1+, but I thought that I would give Armbian a go as there seems to be more activity here and there are tools for compiling an entire image from scratch :-) So far I love Ambian, thank you for the work. I have tried the vanilla Jessie image (both downloaded from here and compiled myself) on the Banana Pi M1+ and with the exception of the WiFi issuet which I solved from this forum, all ran well. However I can't seem to find an SPI driver. My apologies if there is another forum post about this, I did try searching but the search function removed SPI from the query due to it being less than 4 chars :-( When…

I ordered OPI PC+ as a testing device for a potential battery/solar powered project (using OPI Lite/One later on) and while testing the built-in WiFi on OPI PC+, it seems it's not possible to power it off once enabled, or perhaps I'm doing something wrong. If the wlan0 entry in /etc/network/interfaces is commented out, the idle current is roughly 210 mA, and after issuing sudo poweroff, it drops to near zero. With wlan0 enabled, the idle current is roughly 310 mA, but after powering off, it drops to about 100 mA and stays that way until disconnected from DC. Attempting to do sudo ifconfig wlan0 down does not seem to change anything (wireless goes down, but the idle cu…

Is there any way to get a video player to display subtitles on an H3 board? I've tried VLC and SMPlayer, but neither are able to do so (the problem seems to be that the video output is overlayed *over* the system display rather than mixed with it on a per-pixel basis, so while the subtitles are being displayed by the player, they simply aren't visible). Is there any adjustment/update/other player I can use to fix this problem? Orange Pi Plus 2 I have armbian 5.05 installed, so not sure if there are any updates that might help?

I am having troubles with getting audio from the sunxi audiocodec on my NanoPi NEO. I enabled audio in the .fex file and the configuration is as follows: [audio0] audio_used = 1 lineout_vol = 31 cap_vol = 5 audio_hp_ldo = "none" adcagc_used = 0 adcdrc_used = 0 dacdrc_used = 0 adchpf_used = 0 dachpf_used = 0 audio_pa_ctrl = port:PA16<1><default><default><0> When I ssh into the machine the codec does come up root@nanopineo:~# aplay -l **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices **** card 0: audiocodec [audiocodec], device 0: SUNXI-CODEC sndcodec-0 [] Subdevices: 1/1 Subdevice #0: subdevice #0 card 1: sndhdmi [sndhdmi], device 0: SUNXI-HDMIAUD…

hello, when i initial start the Armbian @ Orange Pi PC I was prompted for new user. I put new username as 'ch0mik' but the Armbian make a user and group 'chmik' - without zero. Im ham radio operator with callsing sq7mru and i want to make a user with ma correct callsign (alphanumeric username) Regards Pawel

I have a nanoPi M1 with armbian Jessie, fresh install with no X server I wish to play a mp3 file using mplayer, but there is no audio output. #mplayer ./3951.mp3 the output is: MPlayer2 2.0-728-g2c378c7-4+b1 © 2000-2012 MPlayer Team Cannot open file '/root/.mplayer/input.conf': No such file or directory Failed to open /root/.mplayer/input.conf. Cannot open file '/etc/mplayer/input.conf': No such file or directory Failed to open /etc/mplayer/input.conf. Failed to read LIRC config file ~/.lircrc. Playing ./3951.mp3. Detected file format: MP2/3 (MPEG audio layer 2/3) (libavformat) [mp3 @ 0xb5d9b5b8]max_analyze_duration 5000000 reached [mp3 @ 0xb5d9b5b8]Estimating …